Marxismo reformado: história e debates fundamentais

This article examines the evolution of Marxism from its classical foundations to its contemporary reformulations in both Eastern and Western intellectual traditions. Through a combination of textual analysis, comparative study, and critical theoretical evaluation, the paper provides a systematic overview of major Marxist variants, including Soviet and Chinese Marxism, Vietnamese and Southeast Asian applications, Western Marxism, eco-Marxism, digital Marxism, feminist and postcolonial Marxist perspectives. The study also identifies central theoretical debates concerning the relationship between structure and agency, the economic base and cultural–political superstructure, the nature of ideology, the role of the state, and the dynamics of class, exploitation, and revolutionary change. In addition, the article highlights how twenty-first-century transformations, climate change, digital capitalism, global migration, identity politics, and rising inequality, pose new challenges that require Marxist theory to expand beyond its traditional economic focus. By synthesizing these developments, the paper clarifies both the enduring strengths and the persistent limitations of Marxist thought. It argues that while Marxism continues to provide a powerful framework for analyzing structural inequality and capitalist contradictions, it must integrate insights from ecology, feminism, postcolonial theory, and digital studies in order to remain intellectually relevant and analytically robust in the contemporary world.